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Alexander the Great and the Kambojas
The Kambojas were famous for their excellent horse breeding as well as their riding skills, hence they were also commonly known as Ashvakas.〔''Historie du bouddhisme Indien'', p. 110, E. Lammotte.〕〔The Pakistan review, 1962, p. 15, Published by Ferozsons, History.〕〔East and West, 1950, pp. 28, 157–58, Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, Editor, Giuseppe Tucci, Co-editors Mario Bussagli, Lionello Lanciotti.〕〔''Hindu Polity, A constitutional History of India in Hindu Times'', 1978, p. 140, K. P. Jayswal.〕〔G. Tucci associates them with the cemeteries at the necropolises of Butkara II, Katelai I, Loebaur etc., in the Swat valley (See: ''The Tombs of the 'Ashvakayan-Assakenoi', East and West'', Vol XIV, 1963, Nos 1-2, pp. 27–28).〕 The Ashvayana and Ashvakayana clans fought the Macedonians fiercely with even the Ashvakayana Kamboj women taking up arms and fighting alongside their husbands, preferring ''"a glorious death to a life of dishonor"''.〔Diodorus in McCrindle, p. 270; ''History of Civilizations of Central Asia'', 1999, p. 76, Ahmad Hasan Dani, Vadim Mikhaĭlovich Masson, János Harmatta, Boris Abramovich Litvinovskiĭ, Clifford Edmund Bosworth, ''Unesco - Asia, Central Political History of Ancient India'', 1996, pp. 250–51, H. C. Raychaudhury, B. N. Mukerjee; cf: ''Ancient India'', 2003, p. 261, V. D. Mahajan.〕
==Alexander crosses Hindu Kush==
In the spring of 327 BCE Alexander set out on the road to the Indus. He invited the chieftains of the former Achaemenian Satrap of Gandhara to submit and join him. (Gandhara was the first kingdom of ancient India and is in the north of modern-day Pakistan). Ambhi (Greek: Omphis), the ruler of Taxila, whose kingdom extended from the Indus to the Jhelum (Greek:Hydaspes) complied, as well as some others, ''Sangaeus'' (Sanjaya) of Peucalaotis (Pushkalavati), ''Cophaeus'' of the Kabul region and ''Assagetes'' (Ashvajit), chief of a part of west Gandhara, and ''Sicicottos'' (Shashigupta) 〔Buddha Prakash, however, thinks that Sangaeus (Sanjaya) represented perhaps the Shinwari tribe called Sangu, now living to the west of Khaiber Pass (See: History of Punjab, Vol I, 1997, p. 233).〕〔Some scholars think that Sicikottos belonged to the Ashvaka clans. See: Invasion of Alexander, 2nd Ed, p. 112, J. W. McCrindle; Was Chandragupta Maurya a Punjabi? Article in Punjab History Conference, Second Session, October 28–30, 1966, Punjabi University Patiala, pp. 32–33, H. R. Gupta; They taught lessons to kings, Gur Rattan Pal Singh; Article in ''Sunday Tribune'', January 10, 1999; Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, p. 149, Kirpal Singh; (Cf S. C. Seth's views in "Sasigupta and Chandragupta", Indian Historical Quarterly, 1963, p. 361; cf: Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona, 1936, p. 163, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute; cf: ''The Indian Review'', 1936, p. 814, edited by G.A. Natesan).〕 from a hill state, south of the Hindu Kush.〔''Political History of Ancient India'', 1996, p. 250, H. C. Raychaudhury, B. N. Mukerjee.〕 However most of the highland chieftains refused to submit - including the ''Astekenoi'', ''Aspasioi'' and ''Assakenoi'', known in Indian texts as Hastinayanas, Ashvayanas and Ashvakayanas.
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